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Industrialization, vehicle emissions, Diwali firecrackers and crop burning after harvest.
All trapped by the Himalayas.
The Indo-Gangetic plain is essentially landlocked. According to Sachchidananda Tripathi, senior scientist at IIT-Kanpur, the Himalayas prevent polluted air from escaping to the north creating the so called “valley effect”. Other studies have pointed out that the formation of low pressure troughs across this region causes winds to converge, resulting in trapping of local, as well as pollution from outside.